Riaan 
Amaphuzu abalulekile
- Amazwe angamalungu e-UN agcine evumelene nombhalo mayelana nesivumelwano sokuqala samazwe ngamazwe sokuvikela izilwandle eziphakeme.
- Izinhlangano zezemvelo zithi lesi sivumelwano sizosiza ukubuyisela ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle futhi siqinisekise intuthuko esimeme.
- Cishe yiphesenti elilodwa kuphela lolwandle oluvikelekile okwamanje.
Ngemva kweminyaka yezingxoxo nokuqwasha, amazwe angamalungu e-UN agcine evumelene nombhalo mayelana nesivumelwano sokuqala samazwe ngamazwe sokuvikela izilwandle eziphakeme, umcebo ontekenteke futhi obalulekile ohlanganisa cishe ingxenye yeplanethi.
“Umkhumbi usufike ogwini,” usihlalo wengqungquthela u-Rena Lee umemezele endlunkulu ye-UN eNew York ngaphambi nje kuka-9.30pm ngesikhathi sendawo (1.30pm AEDT) eshayela ihlombe elikhulu nelide izithunywa.
Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 yezingxoxo, kuhlanganise neminyaka emine yezinkulumo ezingokomthetho, eyesithathu ebizwa ngokuthi inkundla yokugcina yezingxoxo esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka yamemezela ukuvumelana osekukade kulindelwe.
Lesi sivumelwano sithathwa njengesibalulekile ekongeni amaphesenti angama-30 omhlaba nolwandle ngo-2030, njengoba kwavunyelwana ngohulumeni bamazwe esivumelwaneni esiyingqopha-mlando esasayinwa eMontreal ngoDisemba.
Kungani lesi sivumelwano sibalulekile, kungani izilwandle eziphakeme zibaluleke kangaka emhlabeni, futhi isivumelwano sizoqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi amazwe acebile nampofu azozuza ngokufanayo?
Kungani lesi sivumelwano sibalulekile?
Izinhlangano zezemvelo zithi lesi sivumelwano sizosiza ukubuyisela ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle futhi siqinisekise intuthuko esimeme.
Amagama aqondile alo mbhalo awazange akhishwe ngokushesha kodwa izishoshovu zawuncoma njengomzuzu wempumelelo wokuvikela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
“Lolu wusuku oluyingqophamlando kwezokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nophawu lokuthi emhlabeni ohlukene phakathi, ukuvikela imvelo nabantu banganqoba ipolitiki,” kusho uLaura Meller wakwaGreenpeace.
Ngemva kwamasonto amabili ezingxoxo eziqinile, okuhlanganisa neseshini yemarathon yasebusuku ngoLwesihlanu kuze kube uMgqibelo, izithunywa zaphothula umbhalo ongeke ukwazi ukuguqulwa kakhulu manje.
“Ngeke kuphinde kuvulwe noma kuxoxiswane ngezinto,” kusho uNksz Lee etshela abezingxoxo.
Isivumelwano sizokwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma sesihloliwe abameli futhi sihunyushelwa ezilimini ezisemthethweni zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, esho.
I-European Commission ngeSonto ihalalisele lesi sivumelwano “njengesikhathi esingokomlando”.
“Isikhathi esiyingqopha-mlando olwandle lwethu… Sithatha igxathu elibalulekile eliya phambili ukuze silondoloze izilwane zasolwandle kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile kithi nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo,” kusho ukhomishana wezemvelo we-EU uVirginijus Sinkevicius.
Kungani izilwandle eziphakeme zibaluleke kangaka emhlabeni?
Izilwandle eziphakeme ziqala emngceleni wezindawo zezomnotho ezikhethekile zamazwe, ezifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-370 ukusuka ogwini. Ngaleyo ndlela bawela ngaphansi kwamandla angekho izwe.
Yize noma ulwandle oluphakeme luhlanganisa ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-60 olwandle lomhlaba futhi cishe ingxenye yomhlaba wonke, sekuyisikhathi eside lukunaka kakhulu kunamanzi asogwini kanye nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinto eziphilayo.
Imvelo yasolwandle yakha ingxenye yomoya-mpilo abantu abawuphefumulayo futhi inciphisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ngokumunca ingxenye enkulu yesikhutha esikhishwa abantu.
Kodwa zisongelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungcola kanye nokudoba ngokweqile.
Cishe yiphesenti elilodwa kuphela lolwandle oluvikelekile okwamanje.
Lapho isivumelwano esisha siqala ukusebenza sizovumela ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zasolwandle ezivikelekile kulawa manzi omhlaba.
“Izindawo ezivikelwe ezilwandle eziphakeme zingadlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni amandla okumelana nomthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu,” kusho uLiz Karan we-Pew Charitable Trusts, ebize lesi sivumelwano “njengempumelelo enkulu.”
Lesi sivumelwano sizophinde sibophezele amazwe ukuthi enze ukuhlolwa komthelela kwemvelo kwemisebenzi ehlongozwayo olwandle.
Isahluko esibucayi kakhulu sokwabelana ngezinzuzo ezingase zibe khona zezinsiza zasolwandle ezisanda kutholwa sasingesinye sezindawo okwakugxilwe kuzo ukungezwani ngaphambi kokuba sigcine sinqotshwe njengoba izingxoxo ezihleliwe, ezazizophela ngoLwesihlanu, zidlule ngosuku.
Lesi sivumelwano sizoqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi amazwe acebile nampofu ahlomula ngokulinganayo?
Amazwe asathuthuka, ngaphandle kwezindlela zokukhokhela ucwaningo olumba eqolo, alwele ukuthi angakhishelwa ngaphandle esimweni esilindelekile sokudayiswa kwezinto ezingase zitholakale emanzini omhlaba.
Inzuzo ekugcineni ingase ivele ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi, kwamakhemikhali noma kwezimonyo zezinto zasolwandle ezisanda kutholwa okungezona ezamuntu.
Njengakwezinye izinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi izingxoxo zesimo sezulu, inkulumo-mpikiswano yagcina ingumbuzo wokuqinisekisa ukulingana phakathi kweNingizimu yomhlaba empofu kanye neNyakatho ecebile, kuphawula izingqapheli.
Esinyathelweni esithathwa njengomzamo wokwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwamazwe acebile nampofu, i-European Union yathembisa ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-40 (cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-A62) eNew York ukuze kube lula ukuqinisekiswa kwesivumelwano kanye nokuqaliswa kwaso kusenesikhathi.
I-EU iphinde yamemezela amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-US860 (cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-A1,270) ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo, ukuqapha nokongiwa kwezilwandle ngo-2023 engqungqutheleni ye-Our Ocean ePanama ephele ngoLwesihlanu. I-Panama ithe isamba sezigidigidi ezingama-US19 zamaRandi (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-28) yathenjiswa amazwe.
Ngo-2017, i-UN General Assembly yamukela isinqumo sokuthi amazwe asungule isivumelwano solwandle oluphakeme.
Ekuqaleni ibihlele amaseshini ezingxoxo ezine kodwa kwadingeka ukuthi ikhiphe izinqumo ezimbili ukuze kuqinisekiswe amaseshini amabili engeziwe.
“Manje sesingakwazi ekugcineni sisuke engxoxweni siye kushintsho lwangempela olwandle,” kusho uNksz Meller wakwaGreenpeace.
