Riaan Isikhulu se-custom sithatha isampula engxenyeni ye-cocaine ebanjwe ngesikhathi sokushanjwa okukodwa okukhulu kwe-cocaine eBavaria kuze kube manje, ehlolwa kusetshenziswa ishubhu lokuhlola.
Isithombe Umfelandawonye | Izithombe ze-Getty
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-cocaine kusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu emlandweni, nesidingo esikhulayo sangemva kobhubhane kanye nezindawo zokushushumbiswa ezintsha ezivelayo, umbiko ovela eHhovisi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Lezidakamizwa Nobugebengu.
Umbiko we-UN we-Global Report on Cocaine 2023 uthi izindawo ezintsha zokushushumbiswa embonini yezigidigidi zamadola ziye zavela eNtshonalanga ne-Afrika Ephakathi kule minyaka emibili edlule. Ukuthuthukiswa okusha kanye nokusungulwa kokutshalwa kwesihlahla se-coca nokuguqulwa kusuka esitshalweni se-coca kuya ku-cocaine nakho kusizile ukuthuthuka kokukhiqiza – okukhuphuke ngo-35% phakathi kuka-2021 no-2022 ukuze kuqoshwe amazinga.
izindaba zokutshala izimali ezihlobene
“Ubhubhane lwe-Covid-19 lube nomthelela ophazamisayo ezimakethe zezidakamizwa. Njengoba uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe lunciphe kakhulu, abakhiqizi bebezabalaza ukuthola umkhiqizo wabo emakethe. Amakilabhu asebusuku nezindawo zokucima ukoma zavalwa njengoba izikhulu ziqinisa imizamo yazo yokulawula leli gciwane, nokwadala ukuncipha kwesidingo. izidakamizwa ezifana ne-cocaine,” kusho umbiko.
“Kodwa-ke, idatha yakamuva kakhulu iphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kwehla kube nomthelela omncane kumathrendi wesikhathi eside. Ukunikezwa komhlaba wonke kwe-cocaine kusezingeni elirekhodiwe,” kusho. Cishe amathani ayizi-2,000 XNUMX e-cocaine akhiqizwa ngo-2020, okuwukuqhubeka “kwe-uptick emangalisayo eyaqala ngo-2014, lapho ingqikithi yayingaphansi kwengxenye yamazinga anamuhla,” kusho umbiko.
Ukutshalwa kwe-coca bush kuphindeke kabili phakathi kuka-2013 no-2017, kwaphinde kwakhula kakhulu ngo-2021, kusho umbiko. Inqubo yokuguqula i-coca bush ibe i-cocaine hydrochloride nayo ibone intuthuko enkulu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-cocaine kudinga ukucwiliswa kwamaqabunga e-coca kuphethiloli namanye amakhemikhali afana ne-ether, i-sulfuric acid, i-ammonia ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhishwa kwe-cocaine hydrochloride. Uphethiloli nezincibilikisi zibe sezikhishwa bese isisekelo se-cocaine siqina sibe inhlama, ephekwa kuze kube yilapho uketshezi namanye amakhemikhali ehwamukile, kukhiqizwe “izitini” eziqukethe i-cocaine hydrochloride.
Lezo zitini ziyapakishwa bese zithengiswa futhi zicutshungulwe ngamakhemikhali engeziwe njenge-hydrochloric acid, ammonia nosawoti we-potassium ukuze kwakheke i-powder cocaine.
Ukunyuka kwesidingo se-cocaine
Naphezu kwemizamo eqhubekayo yabezomthetho yokunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwe-cocaine, isidingo somhlaba wonke somuthi sikhule.
“Kube nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwesidingo, izifunda eziningi zikhombisa ukukhuphuka kancane
izinombolo zabasebenzisi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Yize lokhu kwanda kungachazwa ngokwengxenye ukukhula kwesibalo sabantu, kodwa kubuye kunyuke izinga lokusebenzisa i-cocaine,” kusho umbiko.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvinjelwa kweziphathimandla kuyanda. Futhi lezo zindlela zokunqanda ukuthotshelwa komthetho empeleni zikhuphuka ngesivinini esiphezulu kunesokukhiqiza, umbiko wathola, okusho ukuthi “ukuvimbela kuqukethe ukukhula kwenani lomhlaba wonke le-cocaine etholakalayo ukuze isetshenziswe.”
Iphoyisa elimelene nezidakamizwa limi njengoba indiza enophephela emhlane yamaphoyisa indiza phezu kwenkundla ye-coca phakathi nomkhankaso e-Tumaco, emnyangweni waseNarino, e-Colombia, ngoLwesibili, Meyi 8, 2019.
UNicolo Filippo Rosso | Bloomberg | Izithombe ze-Getty
Isidingo sisephezulu kakhulu eNyakatho Melika, eyakha ama-30% esidingo somuthi emhlabeni wonke ngo-2020, okuyisilinganiso esiphezulu emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho kwe-UN Central kanye neNingizimu Melika kanye neCaribbean iphume isibili, okwenza ama-24% abasebenzisi be-cocaine ngo-2020. I-Western and Central Europe iphume isithathu ngama-21%, kanti eyesine kude kube yizwekazi lase-Afrika ngama-9% okusetshenziswa komhlaba.
Ulwazi oluningi olwaziwayo ngokunyuka kwe-cocaine lutholwe ngokuhlaziywa kwedatha yamanzi angcolile.
Izindawo ezintsha zokuhamba
Ukutshalwa kwe-coca bush kusalokhu kugxile emazweni amathathu: iColombia, ku-61% wesamba, iPeru ngama-26%, neBolivia ngo-13%.
Ukubanjwa kwe-cocaine kuphezulu kakhulu esifundeni saseNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi naseCaribbean, ku-72% wokuquleka sekukonke emhlabeni jikelele, kulandelwa iNtshonalanga neYurophu Emaphakathi ngo-15% kanye neNyakatho Melika ngo-12%.
Abasebenzi base-US Coast Guard bame emphemeni ka-Cutter James njengoba bekhipha imali elinganiselwa ku-$1.06 billion ku-cocaine, insangu ePort Everglades eFort Lauderdale, eFlorida ngoFebhuwari 17, 2022.
Chandan Khanna | AFP | Izithombe ze-Getty
Khonamanjalo, imininingwane mayelana nokubanjwa kwezomthetho iphakamise ukuthi “indima ye-Afrika, ikakhulukazi iNtshonalanga ne-Afrika Emaphakathi, njengendawo yokuthutha ye-cocaine isendleleni eya ezimakethe eYurophu ikhule kakhulu kusukela ngo-2019,” kusho umbiko.
“Kokubili inani elithathwe e-Afrika kanye nenani lokubanjwa okukhulu kubonakala lifinyelele emazingeni arekhodiwe ngo-2021.”
Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kulezi zifunda kungakabi phezulu, amathuba okukhula kwawo ayingozi enkulu, kuxwayisa umbiko.
Iphasela kanye ne-courier kusetshenziselwa ukuthutha izidakamizwa
Ukunqanyulwa kwezindiza eziningi zabagibeli ngesikhathi sodlame lwe-Covid-19 kwehlise ikhono labashushumbisi lokusebenzisa iminyuzi yezidakamizwa ukuthutha izidakamizwa kwamanye amazwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemeyili zamazwe ngamazwe zokushushumbiswa kwe-cocaine kweqa ngenxa yalokho futhi kuhlale kuphezulu, ucwaningo lwe-UN lwathola.
“Amanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Afrika aphawule ukwanda okukhulu [parcel and courier] izinsiza zokushushumbisa i-cocaine encane iye e-Europe nangale kwayo. ECosta Rica, izilinganiso ezincane ze-cocaine bezithunyelwa e-Asia, e-Afrika naseYurophu zifihlwe ezimpahleni ezinjengezincwadi, izithombe zenkolo, nezinsimbi zezimoto,” kusho umbiko.
“Lolu bhubhane kungenzeka ukuthi luwusheshisile lo mkhuba, kodwa abashushumbisi bebevele bekhulisa ukusebenzisa kwabo izinsiza ze-imeyili zamazwe omhlaba ukuthola i-cocaine eYurophu,” kusho yena. “Ubufakazi obuvela eSpain nase-Argentina bukhomba ekwehleni kwesikhathi eside kokusetshenziswa kweminyuzi yezidakamizwa ezindizeni zabagibeli. Womabili la mazwe aqophe izehlakalo zokuthuthwa kwempahla emikhulu kufihlwa emithwalweni engaphelezelwa muntu.”
I-UK ibone “ukwanda okukhulu” kokubanjwa kwe-cocaine “ngezindlela zamaphasela asheshayo nezokuposa,” ngokusho kombiko.
Imikhumbi yokudoba neyomthengisi isetshenziswa ngokwandayo ekushushumbiseni i-cocaine, kanye neziqukathi ezisemikhumbini yeziqukathi, lapho kusetshenziswa khona izinkampani zangaphambili kanye namaphepha angamanga ukuze kwakhiwe ukubukeka kwebhizinisi elisemthethweni.
Ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa ngemikhumbi-ngwenya nakho kuyanda, kwezinye izimo ngemikhumbi-ngwenya eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile le njongo, ngokuvamile engenamuntu futhi ehlelwe kusengaphambili ukuze ihambe iye endaweni yayo edingekayo.
Kuleli sonto nje, Iziphathimandla zaseSpain zithole lokho ezithe kwakuwumkhumbi-ngwenya wezidakamizwa ongenalutho ukusuka ogwini lwaseSpain olusenyakatho eduze kwaseGalicia, eyaziwa ngokuthi iyisizinda sohwebo lwezidakamizwa lwamazwe ngamazwe. Bakholelwa ukuthi ibithutha i-cocaine isuka eColombia iliyisa eSpain, nokuthi izisebenzi zase zihambile nomkhumbi-ngwenya.
