Riaan 
London
CNN
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NgoMashi 10, ukwehluleka okukhulu kwebhange laseMelika selokhu kwaba nenkinga yezimali emhlabeni ngesikhathi sangempela njengombolekisi omkhulu embonini yezobuchwepheshe ukugijima kwebhange lakudala.
I-Silicon Valley Bank amakhasimende abedonsa kanzima imali yawo kumashonisa ozinze eCalifornia ngaphambi kokuthi abalawuli baseMelika bangenelele ukuze balawule. Kepha ukuwohloka kwezimakethe zethukile, kunqwabelanisa ubuhlungu ezikhungweni zezimali ezibuthakathaka esezivele zinenkinga yemiphumela ebingahlosiwe. amanani enzalo akhuphukayo futhi ukuzilimaza.
Ngemva kwesonto, ibhange lesibili lesifunda lase-US – Ibhange Lesignesha – livaliwe, okwesithathu – i-First Republic Bank
(FRC) – isekelwe, futhi usongo lokuqala olukhulu kusukela ngo-2008 ebhange elibaluleke kakhulu kwezezimali emhlabeni jikelele – i-Credit Suisse – iye yagwenywa ngemuva kokuba ithathwe yi-UBS.
Kepha ukuzola okulinganiselwe kubuyiswe kuphela ngenxa yokuhlinzekwa kwezimali ezinkulu eziphuthumayo ezivela kubabolekisi bokugcina – amabhange amakhulu – nabanye abadlali abanamandla embonini.
Izimakethe zisamile: Izinkomba ze-Benchmark zamasheya emabhange ase-US naseYurophu zilahlekelwe u-20% no-13% ngokulandelana kusukela kuvalwe ukuhweba ngoLwesithathu olwedlule.
NgoLwesihlanu, Mashi 10 — I-Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) kahulumeni wase-US yathatha izintambo zokulawula i-SVB. Kwaba ukuwa okukhulu kwamabhange eMelika kusukela eWashington Mutual ngo-2008. Amasondo aqale ukuphuma emahoreni angama-48 ngaphambili ngesikhathi ibhange lithatha ukulahlekelwa kwezigidigidi zamadola likhipha amabhondi kahulumeni wase-US ukuze kuqoqwe imali yokukhokhela abafake imali. Izamile – yehluleka – ukuthengisa amasheya ukuze ikhulise imali yayo. Lokho kwavusa ukwethuka okwaholela ekuweni kwayo.
NgeSonto, Mashi 12 – I-FDIC yavala i-Signature Bank ngemva kokukhishwa kwediphozithi yayo ngamakhasimende aphazanyiswa ukufakwa kwe-SVB. Womabili amabhange anesilinganiso esiphezulu ngokungavamile samadiphozithi angaqinisekisiwe ukuze axhase amabhizinisi awo.
ULwesithathu, Mashi 15 – Ngemva kokubuka amasheya ku-Credit Suisse
(CS) lehle ngamaphesenti angama-30, iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland zimemezele ukumiswa kwebhange lesibili ngobukhulu ezweni. Kwadambisa ukwethuka kwemakethe ngokushesha kodwa umdlali womhlaba akakaphumi ehlathini okwamanje. Abatshalizimali namakhasimende bakhathazekile ngokuthi ayinalo uhlelo oluthembekile lokuhlehlisa ukwehla kwesikhathi eside kwebhizinisi layo.
ULwesine, Mashi 16 – I-First Republic Bank ibilokhu inyakaza njengoba amakhasimende ehoxisa imali yawo. Emhlanganweni obuseWashington, uNobhala woMgcinimafa waseMelika uJanet Yellen kanye noJamie Dimon, oyi-CEO yebhange elikhulukazi laseMelika, benze izinhlelo zokuhlenga imboni ezimele. Umphumela waba isivumelwano neqembu lababolekisi baseMelika sokubeka amashumi ezigidigidi zamaRandi emali kuFirst Republic ukuze kunqandwe ukopha.
NgeSonto, Mashi 19 – Ibhange elikhulu laseSwitzerland, i-UBS, livumile ukuyithenga imbangi egulayo iCredit Suisse esivumelwaneni sokuhlenga esiphuthumayo okuhloswe ngaso ukuqeda ukwethuka kwezimakethe zezimali.
Ngaphezulu kwezigidigidi ezingama-400 zamaRandi kuze kube manje ekusekelweni okuqondile. Ekuqinisekiseni wonke amadiphozithi e-Silicon Valley Bank kanye naseBhange Lesignesha, i-US Federal Reserve isemahlombe ka-$140 billion. Bese kuba namabhiliyoni angama-54 amaRandi i-Swiss National Bank anikeze i-Credit Suisse ngendlela yemalimboleko ephuthumayo kanye nama-Swiss francs ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-209 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-225) anikezwe i-UBS ngezimali mboleko, eziqinisekiswe izwe laseSwitzerland, kanye nokuvikela ekulahlekeni okungaba khona.
I-Fed iphinde yavuma amanani erekhodi emalimboleko kwamanye amabhange ngesonto eledlule. Amabhange aboleke cishe amabhiliyoni angama- $ 153 ku-Fed ezinsukwini ezisanda kwedlula, ephula irekhodi langaphambilini lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-112 elabekwa ngesikhathi senhlekelele yango-2008.
Amabhange nawo asebenzisa cishe I-12 billion yemalimboleko kusukela ohlelweni olusha lokubolekwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo lwe-Fed olusungulwe ekuqaleni kwesonto ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukuwa kwamabhange amaningi.
Amabhiliyoni angama-318 amaRandi i-Fed ewaboleke ngokuphelele ohlelweni lwezezimali cishe uhhafu walowo owanwetshwa ngesikhathi sezinkinga zezimali zomhlaba.
“Kodwa kuseyinani elikhulu,” kusho uMichael Feroli weJPMorgan ebhalela abatshalizimali ngoLwesine. “Umbono wengilazi ongenalutho wukuthi amabhange adinga imali eningi. Ukuthatha ingilazi ngokugcwele ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza njengoba bekuhlosiwe. ”
Imboni yamabhange nayo isikhwehlele izigidigidi. UJPMorgan Chase, Bank of America kanye neCitigroup baphakathi kweqembu lababolekisi abangu-11 abahlinzeka ngemali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 zamaRandi okuhloswe ngayo ukukhulisa ukuzethemba eFirst Republic Bank.
I-HSBC kubikwa ukuthi isibophezele ngaphezu kuka-$2 billion ebhizinisini le-SVB lase-UK, elithenge ngeSonto ngo-£1.
Uma unemali engaphansi kuka-$250,000 ku-akhawunti ebhange laseMelika elinomshwalense yi-FDIC, cishe ngokuqinisekile akukho okumele sikhathazeke ngakho. Ama-akhawunti ahlanganisiwe anikezwa umshwalense ofika ku-$500,000.
Amazwe aseYurophu asebenzisa izinhlelo ezifanayo. E-Switzerland, kufika kuma-Swiss francs ($108,000) anikezwa umshwalense ngomnikeli ngamunye.
Amakhasimende amabhange ahlulekile e-European Union athenjiswa u-€100,000 ($105,431) wediphozithi yawo. Abanikazi bama-akhawunti abahlangene bangathola isinxephezelo esingu-€200,000 ($210,956) esihlanganisiwe.
E-United Kingdom, abafaka imali bangathola imali efika ku-£85,000 ($102,484) uma ibhange labo liba ngaphansi, okuphindwe kabili kuya ku-£170,000 ($204,967) kuma-akhawunti ahlanganyelwe.
Impendulo emfushane ithi yebo. Amabhange anengcindezi azonaka kakhulu ukufaneleka kwababolekayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangamabhizinisi afuna imali ebolekiwe noma abathengi bezindlu abazama ukuthola izikweletu.
“Uma amabhange ecindezelekile, angase abe manqikanqika ukuboleka,” kusho uNobhala woMgcinimafa waseMelika uJanet Yellen ngoLwesine ebufakazini beKomidi Lezezimali leSenate. “Singabona isikweletu sibiza kakhulu futhi singatholakali.”
UChristine Lagarde, umongameli we- I-European Central Bankutshele izintatheli ngoLwesine ukuthi “ukungezwani kwezimakethe okuqhubekayo” kungase kuqhubekisele phambili izimo zezikweletu ezazivele ziqina ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwamazinga enzalo.
Yebo, futhi.
Nakhu uYellen akusho ekomitini leSenethi: “Lokho kungashintsha lokhu kube umthombo wengozi enkulu yezomnotho.”
UGoldman Sachs uthe ngoLwesithathu ukuthi ukukhula kwengcindezi emkhakheni wamabhange kukhuphule amathuba okwehla komnotho e-US phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-12 ezizayo. Ibhange manje selikholelwa ukuthi umnotho waseMelika unamathuba angama-35% okungena enkingeni kungakapheli unyaka, usuka ku-25% ngaphambi kokuwohloka komkhakha wamabhange.
Umnotho wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, iChina, ibuye iqhume naphezu kokuqhuma komsebenzi kulandela ukuphela ngokushesha kwezinyathelo zokuvala i-Covid draconian ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule.
NgoLwesihlanu olwesabekayo, i- Ibhange eliphakathi laseShayina ukunciphisa inani lemali ababolekisi bezwe okudingeka bayibambe ukuze bagcine imali ingena emnothweni.
– U-Anna Cooban ufake isandla kulesi sihloko.
