Riaan 
Abaphathi beBiden bembule imikhawulo eqinile ekusebenzeni okusha eChina ngabakhiqizi be-semiconductor abathola imali yenhlangano yokwakha e-US.
Umthetho we-CHIPS neSayensi ongu-$50-billion uzovimbela amafemu azuza izibonelelo ekwandiseni umkhiqizo e-China ngaphezu kuka-5% wama-chip athuthukile kanye no-10% wobuchwepheshe obudala, ngokusho kwezikhulu zoMnyango Wezohwebo, ozokhipha lezi zimali.
Umnyango ngoLwesibili iveze imikhawulo emishaokuzofaka imali engu-$100,000 yokuchitha imali ekutshalweni kwezimali emandleni athuthukile e-China, kanye nezinye izindlela.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama- guardrail ayingxenye yemizamo yaseWashington yokubhuntshisa izifiso ze-Beijing ngenkathi ithola ukuhlinzekwa kwezingxenye ezisekela ubuchwepheshe obuguquguqukayo, okuhlanganisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa namakhompyutha amakhulu, kanye nezinto zikagesi zansuku zonke. Eminyakeni edlule, i-US ifake ohlwini oshampeni bobuchwepheshe baseShayina, yafuna ukunqamula ukugeleza kwamaphrosesa asezingeni eliphezulu futhi yavimbela izakhamizi zayo ekunikezeni usizo oluthile embonini yama-chip yaseChina.
Imikhawulo emisha ehambisana noMthetho we-CHIPS ihlose ukubeka imikhawulo enzima kakhulu ezinkampanini okulindeleke ukuthi zithole izinxephezelo, okuhlanganisa nabaholi bezimboni i-Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Samsung Electronics Co. kanye ne-Intel Corp., zonke ezisebenza e-China. Imikhawulo ingakhinyabeza imizamo yesikhathi eside yokujaha ukukhula emakethe ye-semiconductor enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kanti futhi yenza kube nzima ngeBeijing ukwakha amakhono aphambili ekhaya.
Amasheya e-Intel ehle afinyelela ku-4.1% ngoLwesibili, kodwa isitoko siphinde salulama ukuze sivale ngo-$28.46, sehle ngo-2.4%.
“I-CHIPS for America iwuhlelo lwezokuphepha kuzwelonke futhi lezi zinyathelo zokuqapha zizosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abalingisi abakhohlakele abakwazi ukufinyelela kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu obungasetshenziswa ngokumelene neMelika kanye nabalingani bethu,” kusho uNobhala Wezohwebo uGina Raimondo esitatimendeni. “Sizoqhubeka futhi nokuxhumana nabalingani bethu kanye nozakwethu ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi lolu hlelo luthuthukisa izinhloso zethu esabelana ngazo, luqinisa amaketanga okunikezela emhlabeni wonke, futhi luthuthukisa ukuphepha kwethu ngokubambisana.”
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abahlomuli bezimali zikahulumeni abakwazi ukwandisa ngokunengqondo umthamo wokukhiqiza oseqophelweni eliphezulu kulokho umthetho okubiza ngokuthi “amazwe akhathazayo,” okuhlanganisa iChina neRussia, imithetho emisha izovimbela lezo zinkampani ukuthi zisebenzise imali engaphezu kuka-$100,000 lapho zengeza umthamo wama-logic chips ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunama-nanometer angama-28. . Futhi ngeke bakwazi ukwengeza ngaphezu kuka-5% kumthamo okhona wanoma yisiphi isitshalo esisodwa esenza lawa ma-semiconductors e-China.
Nakuba umthetho ohlongozwayo ukhawulela ukwanda kokukhiqiza, abamukeli bezibonelelo basengakwazi ukwenza ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezikhona ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-semiconductors athuthuke kakhulu, uma izinkampani zithola noma yimaphi amalayisense adingekayo okulawula ukuthekelisa kuMnyango Wezohwebo ngokwenza kanjalo, kusho isikhulu esiwazi umthetho. Isibonelo, umamukeli othuthukisa amandla obuchwepheshe bendawo angabandakanya ukwenza ama-logic chips ngosayizi we-node encane noma ama-memory chips anezendlalelo eziningi.
Ngokuvamile, inombolo encane kuma-nanometers ikhombisa isizukulwane esithuthuke kakhulu sama-logic chips, acubungula ulwazi noma aphathe imisebenzi. Imikhawulo ekutshalweni kwezimali kwamandla athuthukile izoba khona iminyaka eyi-10.
Umshini owodwa othuthukisiwe wokwenza ama-chip ovela kumnikezeli njenge-ASML Holding, Applied Materials Inc. noma i-Tokyo Electron Ltd. ungabiza amashumi ezigidi zamadola.
Abamukeli bezibonelelo futhi abavunyelwe ukukhulisa umthamo ngaphezu kuka-10% ezindaweni zabo ezikhona emazweni athintekayo ngama-logic chips angama-nanometer angu-28 noma athuthuke kancane, umthetho uwachaza njengama-semiconductors efa. Uma zifuna ukwakha izimboni ezintsha zalolu hlobo lwe-chip, okungenani u-85% womkhiqizo kufanele udliwe yizwe elisingethe futhi izinkampani kufanele zazise Umnyango Wezohwebo.
Yize ama-chips angama-nanometer angu-28 eyizizukulwane ezimbalwa ngemuva kwama-semiconductors aphambili kakhulu atholakalayo, asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eminingi ehlanganisa izimoto nama-smartphone. I-US ingabuyisela inani eliphelele lezibonelelo zikahulumeni uma umamukeli ephula imithetho, kusho abeCommerce.
Uhulumeni wobumbano ungaphinda ubuyise amakhredithi entela ngokuphelele uma izinkampani zandisa amandla okukhiqiza ama-semiconductor ezweni langaphandle elikhathazayo phakathi neminyaka eyi-10 yokuwina izinxephezelo, ngokusho kwesitatimende esihlukile esivela kuMgcinimafa. Ikhredithi ngokuvamile ilingana no-25% wotshalomali olufanelekayo endaweni yokwenza ama-semiconductors noma ukukhiqiza imishini yokukhiqiza ama-chip e-US.
Imikhawulo emisha izokwenza kube inselele nakakhulu ukuthi i-Taiwan Semiconductor yandise imboni yayo yaseShayina ethuthuke kakhulu edolobheni elisempumalanga yeNanjing, lapho ikhiqiza khona ama-nanometer angama-28 kanye nama-chips angama-nanometer angu-16 athuthuke kakhulu. Ngo-Okthoba, iChief Executive Officer u-CC Wei uthe inkampani yanikezwa ilayisense yonyaka owodwa kuhulumeni wase-US yokwandisa umkhiqizo eChina, wayikhulula okwesikhashana ezindleleni zokulawula ukuthekelisa ezikhishwe ngaleyo nyanga.
Umkhulumeli we-Taiwan Semiconductor uNina Kao wenqabile ukuphawula ngemikhawulo emisha.
AbakwaSamsung bathi sebexoxisane nohulumeni waseMelika kanye nowaseNingizimu Korea, futhi bahlela ukunquma isinyathelo sabo esilandelayo ngemuva kokubuyekeza izinguquko. I-SK hynix Inc. yaseNingizimu Korea, eyenza ama-memory chips e-China, nayo ithe izosibuyekeza ngokucophelela lesi simemezelo. I-Intel ayizange iphendule ngokushesha esicelweni sokufuna ukuphawulwa.
Abakhiqizi be-Memory chip abanjengoSamsung bazobona imikhawulo eqinile ekwandiseni kwabo e-China njengoba iCommerce izoqondanisa ama-guardrails amasha nemikhawulo yobuchwepheshe evinjelwe ekhishwe ngo-Okthoba. Inkampani yaseNingizimu Korea inesiza esikhulu enkabeni yedolobha i-Xi’an eyenza i-Nand flash memory. I-Intel inendawo ye-chip “yokuhlanganisa nokuhlola” enkabeni yedolobha lase-Chengdu, umsebenzi onesizotha uma uqhathaniswa nezinye.
I-US iphinde yabeka uhlu lwama-semiconductors njengolubalulekile ekuvikelekeni kwezwe, okubenza babe ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile kunamanye ama-chip chips. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-semiconductors ahlanganisiwe – indawo okugxilwe kuyo uhulumeni waseChina eminyakeni edlule. Lawa ama-chips aklanyelwe amasistimu wolwazi we-quantum, amakhono akhethekile ezempi kanye nezindawo ezishisa kakhulu ngemisebe.
Abamukeli besibonelelo sikahulumeni bazophinde banqatshelwe ukuzibandakanya ocwaningweni oluhlanganyelwe, noma lokunikeza ubuchwepheshe belayisense, kubhizinisi langaphandle elikhathazayo. Lokho kuzobandakanya noma yiluphi ucwaningo nentuthuko eyenziwa abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu. Ukunikeza ilayisense kuzochazwa njengesivumelwano sokwenza amalungelo obunikazi, izimfihlo zohwebo noma ukwazi ukuthi kutholakale kanjani omunye umuntu.
Uhlu lwezinkampani zangaphandle ezithintekayo luzonwetshwa ukuze lufake amagama ohlwini lwebhizinisi loMnyango Wezohwebo, uhlu loMnyango Wezezimali lwezinkampani zamasosha ase-China, kanye nohlu lwe-Federal Communications Commission lwamathuluzi namasevisi abeka izingozi zokuphepha kuzwelonke. Lokho kuhlanganisa inqwaba yezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe zaseChina ezihlanganisa iHuawei Technologies Co., i-AI giant SenseTime kanye nabaholi bama-chip abanjengoYangtze Memory Technologies Co.
Imithetho ehlongozwayo izoba ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-60 zokuphawula komphakathi ngaphambi kokuba kushicilelwe imithethonqubo ephothulwe ngasekupheleni kwalo nyaka.
