Riaan Izikhangiso ziyaphila ngemibala egqamile futhi emamathekayo, abesifazane abasebasha, ngokuvamile abaMnyama noma u-Latina, babungaza ukufika kwemali ebidingeka kakhulu.
“Ukuphila!” iwebhusayithi yohlelo lokusebenza olulodwa lwe-smartphone uyamemezela, ebonisa umama onezinwele ezisontekile nengane ebukeka sengathi iyagxumagxuma ngenxa yenjabulo. “Kuwusuku lomholo usuku lonke, nsuku zonke.” Izimali ziyatholakala “ngemizuzu” ukusiza ukukhokhela igilosa, irenti kanye nemikhosi yomndeni ngaphandle “kwezimali eziyisibopho” noma inzalo, kusho.
Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza izici a uhlu lwezithombe yabasebenzi besifazane abayisithupha kanye nowesilisa oyedwa abasebenza ezikhungweni zezingcingo, emakhaya asebekhulile, ezindaweni zokudlela nasezitolo. “Khokha izikweletu ngesikhathi, ngaphandle kwemali ekhokhwa sekwephuzile, akukho zimali ze-overdraft futhi asikho isidingo semalimboleko yosuku lokukhokha,” kusho yena.
Uhlelo lokusebenza lwesithathu, olusekelwa umlingisi u-Ashton Kutcher nesihlabani se-NBA uKevin Durant, luphusha umkhiqizo walo nge- TikTok ividiyo lapho kuqhamuke owesifazane osemncane omnyama ehamba emgwaqeni egqoke izikhindi zokugijima. “Uma ngingakutshela ukuthi ngingakutholela imali manje?” uyabuzwa. Ngemva kwemizuzwana, lapho eseyitholile, uyababaza: “O, Nkulunkulu wami!”
Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza – i-EarnIn, i-Daily Pay, ne-Brigit – zonke ziyizibonelo zomkhiqizo okhula ngokushesha obizwa ngokuthi i-Earned Wage Access, uMnyango Wezezimali wase-US. kusho ithuthukele ku- $ 9.5 billion kubathengi ngokuthengiselana kwezigidi ezingama-56 ngo-2020 futhi iyaqhubeka nokukhula.
(Isithombe sase-Los Angeles Times. Imithombo: Brigit, EarnIn, Branch)
Ngokufanayo nemalimboleko yosuku lokukhokha ebiza kakhulu, lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zinikeza abasebenzi imali yezimo eziphuthumayo ngaphambi kwamashekhi aqinisekisiwe, azayo. Njengemali mboleko yosuku lokukhokha, isetshenziswa ngokungafanele ngabesifazane, ikakhulukazi abesifazane bemibala nomama abangabodwa.
Ngokungafani nemalimboleko yosuku lokukhokha yendabuko, okuyizinto kaningi ezithathwe abampofu, I-Earned Wage Access “abasebenzisi bangabafundi basekolishi, abasezingeni eliphakathi, abasebenzi besikhathi esigcwele,” ngokombiko we-FTI Consulting, eyahlola amakhasimende ezinkampani ezintathu. Umamukeli ojwayelekile wenza u-$50,700 ngonyaka kodwa “usaphila ngokukhokhela isheke ukuze akhokhe,” inkampani ithole. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabasebenzisi kwakungabesifazane kanti ingxenye yayingabantu abanombala.
Izinkampani zisebenza endaweni empunga esemthethweni ezivumela ukuthi zisebenze njengombolekisi wosuku lokukhokha kodwa ngaphandle kwemithetho yokuvikela abathengi ebusa lawo mabhizinisi.
Uhulumeni wobumbano nawo akawalawuli njengamabhange, futhi imikhiqizo yawo ayihlolisiswa ngaphansi koMthetho Weqiniso Ekubolekweni, ngenxa ye umbono wezomthetho ekhishwe yi-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ngesikhathi sobumongameli bukaDonald Trump. Abameli babathengi bathi, nakuba izimangalo zezinkampani zokuthi “ayikho imali eyisibopho” kanye nokuthi “ayikho inzalo” kungase kunembile ngokobuchwepheshe, inani lazo lesitika liphezulu futhi ukuhlukumeza kugcwele.
E-California, lapho eziningi zalezi zinkampani zizinze khona, abalawuli sebeqalile ukuphenya imikhuba yabo. NgoMashi, isikhungo sikahulumeni sokuvikela abathengi, uMnyango Wezokuvikela Ezezimali kanye Nokusungula, wakhipha umbiko okuthole ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Earned Wage Access zikhokhise okulingana nesilinganiso senzalo sonyaka esiphakathi kuka-331% no-334%.
I-ejensi ifinyelele esiphethweni sayo ngemuva kokuhlaziya imininingwane yemisebenzi engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5 evela ezinkampanini eziyisikhombisa ezisebenza kuhulumeni. Kunokuba umise okwesikhashana, lo mnyango wathola ukuthi izisebenzi zaziwasebenzise njalo: isilinganiso izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye ngekota, noma izikhathi ezingu-36 ngonyaka. Lesi sikhungo senze isiphakamiso semithetho ezokwenza i-California ibe yisifunda sokuqala ezweni ukulawula umkhiqizo.
“Kuwugibe,” kusho uMelissa Burrola, 46, umama ongayedwa wezingane ezintathu esezikhulile, owenza u-$19.50 ngehora enkampanini engenzi nzuzo ehlinzeka ngokudla kwamahhala nezingubo kwabampofu eSt. Paul, eMnn. “Ngifuna ukuphuma. ngayo.”
UMelissa Burrola, 46, wase-St. Paul, eMnn., ubiza izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Earned Wage Access “ngogibe.”
(Ngokuhlonishwa kukaMelissa Burrola)
U-Burrola waphendukela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezintathu ezihlukene zeholo lapho imoto yakhe iphuka ngoSepthemba odlule, ehlanganisa u-$500 ukuze ilungiswe ukuze akwazi ukuya emsebenzini. Uhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye lwamkhokhisa imali. Omunye wabo, uDave, “neobank” ezinze eLos Angeles esekelwa usomabhizinisi ongusozigidi uMark Cuban, naye umkhuthaze ukuthi atshele inkampani ngemali engu-$6.99 ayikhokhile ukuze athole ukheshi ngaso leso sikhathi. Ithiphu ezenzakalelayo yayisethelwe ku-$6 ekuthengeni kusengaphambili kwe-$100.
Okwerekhodi:
7:35 am Meyi 25, 2023Inguqulo yangaphambilini yalesi sihloko ikhombe umeluleki omkhulu wenqubomgomo Yesikhungo Sokubolekwa Okubophezelekile njengo-Aaron Kushner. Igama lakhe ngu-Andrew Kushner.
“Abantu badonsa kanzima,” kusho u-Andrew Kushner, umeluleki omkhulu wenqubomgomo yeCentre for Responsible Lending, okuyiqembu elimelayo. “Uma uthola imali kuleli sonto, incane leyo mali yokukhokha izindleko zakho ngesonto elizayo futhi usesimweni esibi kakhulu ngenxa yemali ekhokhwayo.”
Imithetho ehlongozwayo yaseCalifornia, eshicilelwe ngoMashi, izolawula intuthuko esuselwe kuhlelo lokusebenza njengemalimboleko futhi ifinyelele izilinganiso zenzalo nezinkokhelo abangazikhokhisa ngamaleveli afanayo neminye imikhiqizo yezezimali.
“Sifuna ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi senza konke esingakwenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanele,” kusho uSuzanne Martindale, ophethe uphiko olubhekele ukuvikelwa kwezimali kwabathengi kule nhlangano.
Imboni iphikisana ngokuqinile nemithetho ehlongozwayo yaseCalifornia. I-EarnIn, ezinze e-Palo Alto, ifake umkhankaso wenkundla yezokuxhumana ukukhuthaza abasebenzisi bayo ukuthi imeyili state nabalawuliabenzi bomthetho kanye noGov. Gavin Newsom ngaphambi komnqamulajuqu wangoMeyi 17 ukuze umphakathi uphawule ngawo.
Umlayezo i-EarnIn ephakamise ukuthi amakhasimende ayo awuthumele izikhulu zezwe uthi uhlelo lokusebenza “lungivumela ukuthi ngiphathe izimali zami futhi lungisiza ngigweme ukukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu engizozikhokha, ngenxa nje yokuthi inkokhelo yami ayikangeni ku-akhawunti yami kuze kube manje .… Ukufinyelela imali yami ngesikhathi sangempela futhi kungisindisa ekusetshenzisweni kwemali ngokweqile futhi kungivumela ngisho nokubeka imali ethile ngosuku lwemvula.”
Umkhulumeli we-ejensi yabathengi uthe ithole izinkulungwane zokuphawula ngesiphakamiso sayo sokulawula izinhlelo zokusebenza zemali – isifufula uma siqhathaniswa namakhulu esiwatholayo.
Umnyombo wenkulumo-mpikiswano yindlela izinkampani ezithola ngayo imali etholwa yi-Earned Wage Access. Kunokuba bakhokhise inzalo ngemali ekweletwayo, abaningi banikeza inguqulo yamahhala yohlelo lokusebenza ehlanganisa amathuluzi okuhlela ezezimali kodwa enikeza kuphela ukheshi kumakhasimende akhokhela ukubhalisa. Isibonelo u-Brigit, uhlelo lokusebenza olusekelwa u-Kutcher no-Durant, luyakhokhisa $9.99 ngenyanga “kohlelo lokuhlanganisa” lwabantu “abadinga imali NGOKUSHESHA.” Abamele uBrigit abazange baphendule imibuzo eminingi.
Abanye, okufaka phakathi i-EarnIn ne-Dave, banikeza ama-advanced mahhala kumakhasimende azimisele ukulinda kuze kube yizinsuku ezintathu ukuze adluliselwe ebhange kodwa akhokhise inkokhelo kulabo abafuna imali ngokushesha.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ziphinda zicele abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhokhe “amathiphu,” njengoba bebengenza kumshayeli we-Uber. Ngokungafani namathiphu e-Uber, nokho, lezo ezisebenza ngaphambi kwesikhathi zokukhokha aziyi esisebenzini. Baqinisa umnyombo wenkampani, kuphawula abalawuli bombuso.
Abalawuli baseCalifornia bathi lawo macebiso angahle angabi ngowokuzithandela ngokuphelele. Ku ukucabanga okuningiliziwe eshicilelwe njengengxenye yemithetho ehlongozwayo, isikhungo sokuvikela izimali sikahulumeni sithe sithole izibonelo eziningi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zokusetha amathiphu azenzakalelayo kanye “nokusebenzisa ezinye izici zokusebenzelana komsebenzisi ukwenza ukuthi kube nzima ukukugwema.”
Izinkampani futhi zenze kwaba nzima ukusetha ithiphu ye-$0 noma yenze ungakhangisi ukuthi inkokhelo ethile uyazikhethela. Bekukhona nezibonelo zezinhlelo zokusebenza “ezikhubaza insiza uma umboleki engacebisi … [and] .. abathi amathiphu asetshenziselwa ukusiza abanye abathengi abasengozini noma iminikelo yokupha.”
“Yonke imodeli yebhizinisi labo isekelwe kulo mzamo wokuthola igebe lobuchwepheshe encazelweni yemalimboleko ngaphansi komthetho waseCalifornia,” kusho uKushner weCenter for Responsible Lending.
“Akuthembeki futhi kuyakhohlisa,” kusho uGladys Washington, umnakekeli wasekhaya oneminyaka engama-63 wasePhiladelphia othola ukukhokhelwa imali kwa-EarnIn izikhathi eziningi ngenyanga.
UWashington wahleka usulu lapho etshelwa ukuthi inkampani iphikisana ngokuthi imikhiqizo yayo ayikwazi ukuchazwa ngokusemthethweni njengemalimboleko. “Uma kufanele uboleke okuthile bese ukubuyisela, lokho kuyimalimboleko,” kusho yena. “Angiboni ukuthi lokho kungase kwehluke kanjani.”
UWashington uthe ukuthole kunzima, kodwa kungenzeki, ukugwema ukukhokhela amathiphu epulatifomu ye-EarnIn: “Kufanele ushaye u-‘minus’ ngokuphindaphindiwe,” esho.
UWashington uthe uhlala ekhokha imali yenkampani “yesivinini sombani” – imvamisa $3.99 ngomsebenzi ngamunye — ukuthola ukheshi ngokushesha kunokulinda ukuthola kusengaphambili mahhala.
“Uma udinga imali manje futhi kufanele ulinde izinsuku ezimbili kungenjalo, lokho akumahhala,” esho, echitha isimangalo se-EarnIn sokuthi ikhokhisa “ayikho imali eyisibopho.”
UBurrola uthe uzizwe enengcindezi yokuthi acebise ngemiyalezo evela kuhlelo lokusebenza. “Besingasebenzisa ithiphu okokugcina,” kufunda omunye umyalezo onesithombe sowesifazane osemusha omhlophe ebambe izandla enhliziyweni yakhe.
Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho ekhetha ukungacebisi, kwavela isithombe sendoda yase-Afrika yaseMelika ebukele kuhlelo lokusebenza. “Kubukeka sengathi asizange silithole ithiphu okokugcina!” kusho umbhalo ongaphansi kwesithombe. “Sincoma [a] $6 ithiphu.”
Izithombe-skrini ezivela kuhlelo lokusebenza lwemali u-Dave ecela amathiphu.
(Isithombe se-Los Angeles Times; umthombo: Dave)
Ngesinye isikhathi, uthe, uhlelo lokusebenza lwamtshela ithiphu ezosiza inhlangano esiza abantulayo ebizwa ngeFeeding America uDave abambisane nayo. Izimali ezikhokhwa njalo kanye namathiphu anciphisa inkokhelo ezayo ka-Burrola, okumholela ekubeni athathe intuthuko eyengeziwe, athole izinkokhelo ezengeziwe futhi asalele emuva.
“Kwamane kwaqhubeka,” kusho yena. Ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili kamuva, izinkokhelo ezivela ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zenze izinkinga zakhe zezimali zanda futhi uhlala phezu kwesondo le-hamster le-advanced cash and charges.
Umkhulumeli ka-Dave wenqabile ukuphawula ngalo mbiko, kodwa waphawula ukuthi inkampani inikeza ama-advances amahhala kumakhasimende azimisele ukulinda imali noma ayifake ekhadini lasebhange lenkampani. Inkampani ithe amathiphu angawokuzithandela ngokuphelele futhi noma iliphi ikhasimende elifuna ukubuyiselwa imali lidinga kuphela ukuxhumana nesevisi yamakhasimende.
UBurrola uthe ubengazi ukuthi amathiphu angabuyiselwa emuva. “Abakutsheli lokhu,” kusho yena.
Abesifazane kube maningi amathuba okuthi basebenzise lezi zinsiza ngokwengxenye kunabesilisa ngoba mancane amathuba okuthi bathole imikhiqizo yasebhange, njengemali mboleko yezindlu namakhadi esikweletu, ngokusho kuka-2021 umbiko wocwaningo oluvela ku-Arizent, umshicileli we-American Banker.
Ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlongozwayo yase-California, amathiphu azobhekwa njengezindleko ngaphansi komthetho, abalwe ngokumelene nezinkokhiso eziphezulu ezivunyelwe futhi abe ngaphansi kwemikhawulo eqinile.
Njengoba iCalifornia ibukeka ibeka imingcele, umthetho osekelwa yimboni wethulwe kulo nyaka eMissouri, Mississippi, South Carolina naseVermont, kusetshenziswa. ulimi oyisibonelo kusukela ku-Conservative Legislative Exchange Council yaseMelika. Umthetho oyimodeli uthi inkampani kungathiwa ayikhokhisi imali eyisibopho futhi yamukele amathiphu “inqobo nje uma Umhlinzeki enikeza Umthengi okungenani inketho eyodwa yokwamukela Imali engenayo ngaphandle kwenkokhiso.
Abalawuli baseCalifornia bathi babuyekeza intaba yamazwana abawatholile mayelana nemithetho esalungiswa futhi banethemba lokuphothula imithetho ekupheleni konyaka. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi bathatha yiphi indlela, ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zokuphila kuzoqhubeka nokuyisa abathengi abasengozini enkulu yezezimali ezinhlelweni zokusebenza – okuwumkhuba ezinye zezinkampani ezibhanga kuwo.
Phakathi ku isethulo UDave wabelane nabatshalizimali ngocingo lokuthola imali ngoMeyi, abaphathi benkampani bachaza imakethe yabo abaqondiswe kuyo njengabantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingama-37 “abasengozini ngokwezimali” ngenxa yokuthi ukusebenzisa kwabo imali kudlula iholo labo, banemali encane yokonga futhi bavame ukukhipha ngokweqile ama-akhawunti abo asebhange.
Abanye abantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu-139, isethulo sabonisa, “bayakwazi ukubhekana nesimo ngokwezimali” ngoba banemali eqile “kaningi ngonyaka” futhi “abanayo imali yesikhathi eside enganele.” Womabili la maqembu akhula ngenani, kubike inkampani, ihlinzeka “ngemakethe enkulu engalungiseka ekhombisa ukukhula okuqinile.”
Lesi sihloko sishicilelwe ngokubambisana ne iphrojekthi ye-Fullerinkundla yezindaba yomhlaba wonke engenzi nzuzo ezinikele ekubikeni ngezinkinga ezithinta abesifazane.
